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 Hobbes theory     He gave the theory of social contract, to justify the power of king. He explained many things, as   A. Theory of state of nature:    according to Hobbes, prior to formation of state, there existed state nature. Men in state of nature were: selfish, egoistic,self interested,seeking society as means to to their ends, Naturally equal in mid; Hobbes explained, men also cherish like hope and desires.if they desire something which they can not  both obtain, they become enemies and seek to destroy each other.    In state of nature, men are in condition of war,of every, men against every man. In war people are fed by three psychological causes:      . competition, diffidence, Glory. In this state,there is continual fear and danger of violet death,poor, nasty,solitary, brutish and short life.       1. Difference of right and wrong in state of nature:       according to Hobbes,there is no difference of right and wrong in State of nature. Any of it's conception,presupposes

  His first publication was translation in English of Thucydides history of Peloponnesian war in 1629.       At the age of 86, he translated homer,s odyssey  and Iiad into English.  He also wrote a book of political philosophy named leviathans.      Why Hobbes gave his theory.    He gave his theory due to certain factors.      1. Fear of Spanish attack.  2. Fear of civil war in England. 3.constitutional crises in England

Thomas Hobbes was born in 1588 in Westport near the small town of Malmesbury in England. He was born at a time when the country was passing through bad times as it was threatened by implementing attack of the Spanish armada His father was a member of the clergy.  He was witness to the great political and constitutional turmoil caused by the English Civil War. After completing his studies from Oxford hobbes became a tutor to the son of William Cavendish, the royal family. through them, he met great scholars like Bacon Descartes, Galileo, etc.  Works of Hobbes:                               He wrote comprehensively on political philosophy. By mid-century, he was claimed as " probably the greatest writer on political philosophy that English-speaking people have produced.

On 13 December 2001 terrorists linked to the Pakistan-based group Laskkar-e-taiba and jaish -e-Mohammad a suicide attack on the Indian parliament under intense pressure from Washinton in January 2002 Musharraf banned these two groups and in a major new departure declared that Pakistan was not just opposed Taliban and Al Qaeda but to Islamic militancy, general Musharraf  official banned these two groups Lashkar -e-Taliba and jaish-e-mohamad and other groups in practice however these two groups existed under the other name laskk-e-taiba parent organization jamaat -ud-dawa retained and expanded its large network of school and charitable organization and 2005 military encouraged played a lead role in the helping the victims of the terrible Kashmir earthquake Afghan tale a supported and they enjoyed a measure of shelter in Pakistan especially in northern Balochistan and   the city of Quetta in the way Pakistan Sudan, us, Britain also support mujahideen in Afghanistan.

Sufism The role of Sufism in the spread of Islam and the contribution made by them to the development of Muslim culture is of very great significance. With the pious mission of the true faith of Islam, numerous Sufi saints and preachers of Arabia, Syria, Samarkand, and Bukhara came to India in an early period of Muslim rule in India from 1000 to 1150. Role of Sufis   Sufism appealed to the religious because of its insistence upon a deep emotional attachment to god the Sufis set an example of the piety of indifference to reach a power of service to the spiritually starved and the materially un privileged of deep sympathy for the mass of the people and of saintly behavior there influence there for was wide separated and turn to them for the satisfaction of on their spiritual yearning their influence on philosophy and poetry was profound. Sufism in India After the conquest of northern India by the Muslims various Sufi orders were established in the country, in particular, the Chishti and

Espionage system (investigation system) Prohibition of intoxicating drugs treatment of the Hindus changed.  Ban on parties and social gathering.  Emancipation of administration from the religious domination.  Revenue system.  Military reforms of Ala-ud-din  Increase poverty to control people  land revenue record concept introduced He brought chang's in the concept of business by introducing (Tax system,fixed price of goods) Architecture: alai darwaja Dehli, jamat khana masque, Ali Minar

Causes of civil war          slavery disagreement   Industrialization vs agriculture      modern was agarian society.   State sight Slavery : union vs Confederacy.      Central issue.   Northern states=  industrial economy southern states=  agriculture economy secession     it begin seceding from union after election.   Ibrahim Lincoln,  fearing that new administration will threaten institution of slavery Confederate states of America was formed than.      Beginning of the conflict.      CSA first attack on fort Sumter in s.carolina on 12, April 1861. this event marked the starting point.   Union leader ; Abraham Lincoln ,G.ulysses s. Grant                    confederate leaders: president jaffortson Davis, G.robert E.lee.        costs and casualties ;   620 soldiers killed, social economic impact.           Reconstruction  abolish slavery,  integration,  rebuild south ,  rise of jim crow law  Law and paratice

"Coming together is a beginning: keeping together is progress; working together is a success "                                                   Herrg forrd.              Introduction .       Eco stands for economic corporation organization.    It is an intergovernmental regional organization established in 1985 by Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey. Ten countries are members of ECO: Afghanistan, the Republic of Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.       History .     Eco is the successor organization of the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD).          It existed from 1974 to 1979.  It included seven new members.  RCD was reborn and converted into ECO.          Aim and objectives.         To enhance the economic development of member countries.     Improvement in living and quality of life.       Improvement to social and cultural Harmony to inter-regional trade.       Improve transport and communication infrastructure to link eco countries with one a

 Open diplomacy freedom of the seas. Removal of economic barriers, Reduction of armaments,  Adjustment of Colonial claims, Conquest Territories of Russia, Preservation of Belgian sovereignty,  Restoration of French territory Redrawing of Italian frontiers  Division of Australia -Hungary Drawing of Balkan boundaries, Limitations of turkey  Establishment of independent Poland Creation of an association of nations.

He was born on 28 December 1856 in Stauntun.    He was the 28th president of us.  He was in power twice in the US.  He was a scholar, politician, and educator.  He did his PhD in political science and history.  He brought many reforms such as the Federal Reserve Act, Underwood Tariff Act, Clayton Antitrust Act, income tax amendment,16 amendments, labor reforms, and 14 points.

 Muhammad bin qasim was hajjat son in law   Qasim marched by way  of siraj and makran towards sindh. In the way qasim join governed of makran, who give him addition force.   Under his banner a  number or jats and med who were displeased  with the Hindu ruler qout for  maltreatment  toward them, Arab reach darbual  712 A.O 

 Red Sea is a crucial route for moving goods between Asia and Europe with 10-15percent of all global trade and 30% of container trade, passing through the waterway.

What is globalization?  It is the increasing interconnectedness of the world,s economies, cultures, and populations.it is brought by several factors like technological advancement, reduction of trade barriers, and rise of multinational organizations. Economic integration: flourished trade:globalization flourished trade in the 21st century by reducing trade barriers like tariffs, and quotas. According to research of Preston International Economic Institute global trade reached a record of 28.1 trillion in 2022.  It increased investment flow in the underdeveloped world, according to the report of UNCTAD global direct investment reached 1.6 trillion. Globalization brought many changes in the world which we discuss in the below points. Economic integration:   Globalization flourished trade:   globalization flourished trade in the 21st century by reducing trade barriers like tariffs, and quotas. According to research of Preston International Economic Institute global trade reached a record

 5. Which of the following is NOT one of the advantages of social media a. Mass media reduces prejudice and discrimination )Right Answer) b. Mass media enriches the educational programs  c. Mass media increases student’s exposure to diversity  d. Mass media helps provoke discussion of current issues 6.Professionalism and how it is to be obtained should be a priority of every_________ program  a. Teacher education )Right Answer) b. Teacher learning c. Teacher improvement  d. Teacher coaching 7. Teachers are only presumed to disseminate _____but they are accountable to produce students into good human beings a. Knowledge )Right Answer) b. Skill  c. Attitude  d. Ethics 8. There are _____ basic steps of career growth  a. Three b. Five )Right Answer) c. Seven  d. Nine 9. Schools and _____can play important role in facilitating socialization skills in youth for better citizenship  a. Teachers )Right Answer) b. Society  c. Parents  d. Peers

 1. Any professional enterprise is intensely implemented  in concerns and reflections. a. Ethical (Right Answer) b. Chronological  c. Historical  d. Philosophical 2.The model TPACK consists of three mains elements for planning classroom teaching  a. Pedagogy and technology  b. Content, pedagogy and technology )Right Answer) c. Content and technology  d. Content, technology and practices 3.Instructional communication in the distance education method is  a. Unstructured  b. Self-regulatory  c. Iinformal  d. Structured and interactive )Right Answer) 4.Which point is in favor of the professional level of teachers  a. Low regard  b. In-service education  c. Low interest  d. Low salaries 5.Effective Principals are ones who make an optimistic political environment across the a. School )Right Answer) b. Classroom  c. Outside school  d. None of these

 The second summit of oic was held on 22,24 February 1974 in Lahore Pakistan.        Which city of Pakistan held the oic conference in 1997 : Islamabad.      The 14 summit of oic was held on 31 may 2019 in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.      Which country hosted oic foreign minister 48 meeting in March 2022 Pakistan.        The 49 summit of the council of foreign minister of the organization of Islamic cooperation. OIC stands for: organization of Islamic cooperation.      After how many years is the oic  summit held : 3 years.      The first summit of oic was held in 1969 in rabat Morocco.     How many founding members of  oic has at the time of it's establishment : 25.         Oic was founded in morroco.      Oic was founded on 25 sep 1967.         Headquarters of oic is located in jedda Saudi Arabia       how many countries are member of oic 57. who is current secretary general of oic hissein Ibrahim taha.   The only Pakistani who served as the secretary general of oic sharifuddin pirzada

GCC was founded in 25 may 1981         the headquarter  of Gcc is located in Riyadh Saudi Arab.         How many countries are member of gcc -6.            Member countries name Bahrain Kuwait,oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE.               The is the current secretary general of gcc.       Jassim Muhammad Al budaiwi.         Which country is the supreme council presidency of Gcc UAE.      Official language of Gcc Arabic.  The 44 summit of Gcc was held on 5 Dec 2023 in Qatar        Gcc and central asia - GCC summit meeting 2023 held in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.         Pakistan and Gcc was finalized the joined action plan for strategic dialogue ......  2022 - 26.     The blockading countries have accused Qatar of supporting.........terrorism.

When the arab was founded in cairo, Egypt 22 March 1945.  The headquarter or admin situation center of arab league is located in cairo Egypt.   How many countries are members of arab league.. 22.    Current secretary General of Arab league Ahmad aboul gheit.        The current parlimentrain speaker of Arab league Ali al daqbaashi.  Official language of Arab league.... Arabic.       The 38 summit of Arab league was held on 19 may 2023 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.        The joint extraordinary Arab Islamic summit held in riyad, Saudi Arabia on 11 Nov 2023.

OPEC stands for organization of the petroleum exporting countries.     When OPEC was founded in Baghdad Iraq 14 September 1960.   The headquarters of OPEC is located in Vienna Australia.        How many permanent members of OPEC 13 members (10+OPEC members).       Who is the current secretary general of the OPEC Haithamal ghais.     The official language of OPEC is English.           The official currency of OPEC is Dollar.