Learning time

 The land which is lies between the two Rivers is know as Doab. Important doab of Pakistan Bari Down :. Areas between  beas and chenab Rachnah doab: area between  Ravi and chenab. Chaj Doab: area between chenab and jhelum Sindh Sagar doab: area between indus and jhelum

 Deosai plains is the secoud highest plains of the world at 4115m(13500feet) are in the south of skardu and in the east of Astore valley. It's declared national part in 1993 It cover an area of almost 3000 sq km, half of the year it is snow bound.

 There are several high altitude lakes in the northern Areas of Pakistan:  Sheosar lake in ------ Deosai plains Sarpara lake in------- skardu Shangrila lake in--------- skardu  Borith Lake in ---------------upper Hunza  Rama Lake near ------------- Astore

 K2---- 2nd largest in the world  Nanga parbhat ------ 9th highest of the world (8125m) Gasherbrum 1 --------- 11 highest of the world  Broad peak,------12 highest of the world (8047) Gasherbrum II-IV,------+ 13 to 17 highest of the world at 8035m- 7932 Masherbrum(k1) -----22nd highest of the world at (7821m) Rakaposhi,------+++27 highest of the world ( 7788m)

 David livingstone was a Scottish medical missionary and explorer of central africa.from the age of 10 to 24 he worked in q cotton factory and then went on to train as a doctor as he wanted to become a missionary. In 1841 he was sent to southern africa, visiting areas where no white man had ever. Been and dicovored a number of lakes and rivers and above all the great Victoria falls. When he returns to London in 1856,his finding about Africa made all of the maps of the time obsolete, and they had to be redrawn. In 1957 he resigned from his missionary work and began to work for the British government, exploring east and central africa. But his great dream was to discover the source of the river Nile and to explore the land between this and sources of the river Congo. During this period he was out of touch with his own country for a long time.an Americans expenditure under Morton Stanley set out to find him and in 1871 , came across Livingstone deep in the jungle.the two continued to unde

 Nelson mandala 1918-Mandela was black African lawyer , politician and statement who brought independence to the black people of south Africa.after world war 1 the government of south africa  was in the hand of the white boers  , descendents  of the early dutch settlers ,who set about making the black people, who  outnumbered them four to one, little more than slaves . After world war 2, the pressure intensified with the introduction of the policy of  apartheid, or [apartness, or separate development].laws were passed forcing black people to  live in settle ments outside the  white towns. The black people had to carry a special  pass otherwise they were arrested and banished to poor tribal lands, or in many  cases , to work as slaves for the white farmers.

  He was a soldier, nationalist, statesman who created the modern turkey from the remain of the old ottoman empire. He was born in Greece , the son of a minor official and went to military academies (1899-1905). He graduated as a captain but as he had sympathies with the Young Turks empire)  he was sent to the distant Outpost of syria. He fought against the Italian invading Libya but his major military trumph was the defeat of the British , french and Australian forces at Gallipoli in the world war 1 in 1915. The western allies though they could land on the benches of Gallipoli and strike at the heart of the Germany's Ally,turkey.

 Nothing is more dangerous than ignorance, the quote I mostly list and read but I came to know it's true meaning when I saw its impact around me. Few days ago, I visited my relatives where some of the women were talking about something.I felt that they were talking about highly confidential thing. The discussion did not stop there, a few minutes later they again started the topic.the topic was about magical power.The most common issue in Gilgit Baltistan, mainly in Ghizer district where some of men/ women calim to be a faries friend. Moreover they say that they know peoples' future and they have the power to solve the  problems of people.It's nothing just a small business, where naive people invest.  However,  Those whose claim of having magical power are poor people, who lack skills or employment to meet their needs so that's why only to meet their economic need use such  dogmas. Visitors have to pay them  some money, gifts, what they demand for, sometime what they hav

Education doesn't mean wearing a school uniform, going to school, or getting good marks through unfair means. Its purpose is to develop creativity, skill, ethical values, etc. The goal of education in the region of Gilgit Baltistan is distinct. The region is not much developed as other regions of Pakistan it's because the education condition in the region, especially in government institutions is worst. Where poor family children used to go.   The matter of concern is why the education department of Gilgit Baltistan produces useless products. let's discuss what are the main causes of the failure of government institutes in educating youth in the region.  The first main reason is the recruitment of teachers by unfair means. Because of favoritism or because of the low literacy rate in the region .so that the government has little option in their choice, they recruit incapable for serving in the education department.  The second problem is check and balance are not found in th

 Climate change climate change is prevailing weather conditions of a region , as temperature, air pressure,sunshine,cloudiness,wind,humidity throughout the year. It is a great threat to human being as well as non living thing.However, it is considered a global chanllange because it not descriminate on the base of rice, poor or small, big. the main reason behind climate change is increasing the usage of electricity, Green houses gas emission, transportation, industrialization etc. it impacts is severe. The first major threat  climate change toward natural inhabitants, environment. It contribute to extreme weather condition such as in increasing heatwave and soaring sea levels, snowmelt increase, shifting rain patterns, floods, floods, storms, drought, poor air quality etc. Secoundly,  it aggravate economic growth in the region especially the counties, which  are depend on agriculture by decreasing production .it create economic hurdles by destroying infrastructure and increasing food in

 Functions of Local Self Government  of pakistan It take care of local health. It check the spread of diseases. Moreover, it take initiative to kill mosquitoes, flies, rats and disease spreading insects.  It facilitate primary education   in local areas by establishing school.It arrange lighting on streets and roads and retain them. It also make arrangements for the cleanliness of their areas. It arrange and maintain play- grounds , reading rooms, libraries, parks hotels and restaurants. It issue the licenses to the people for opening dairies and slaughter houses. It check the trading of hazardous and dangerous drugs within the jurisdiction of their regions. It play trams and buses for the east flow of people to their offices and houses. It repair and look after roads and bridges within their jurisdictions. They assign restriction on adulteration and begging. It bring arrangement for the opening of cinemas, theatres and swimming pools for people recreation. It settle the local problems

Perez Mushraf in Power In 1999 General Pervez Musharraf, took over the country by putting back an elected government. He was a martial man who used his power to dissolve the government of nawaz sharif. Mushruf government was determined to put in place a local government structure prior to the holding of election to the parliament and the provincial assemblies. His key advisor Lt.Gen Tanveer Naqvi (head of the National reconstruction Bureau), Drives a new system of local government, which mushraf implements during his power in office. He also did the same as previous military dictator did, he used local government laws and local body’s elections for their own political cadre. Moreover, For this purpose Musharaf also introduced local government ordinance. General Pervez Musharraf Local Government Local government  General Pervez Musharraf Local Government Ordinance also called the Devolution of Power Plan. This plan was significantly different from the earlier plans it claimed that it de

Sindh Madrasah Karachi It was founded by syed Hasan Ali Afandi in a small building in 1885. Later land was acquired for the construction of a building which was inaugurated in 1886 by Lord Dufferin. It objective was imparting religious and western education to the pupils.

 Nadwa Tul Ulema Movement  It was established in 1894 by Maulvi Abdul Ghafoor. It aim was to imparting religious as well as western education . Moreover to reform Muslim society by promoting religious knowledge and to eliminate sectarian conflict among the ulema. Furthermore, it was established because Deoaband was to religious and it's main focus was promoting religious education and Aligarh main focused were western education.

 Deoband movement It was begun with the establishment of a madrassah for religious education in the small town of Saharanpur on 14 April, 1866.it was first headed by Maulana Qasim.it spread knowledge of Islam. Its main subjects were Quran, hadith, Arabic, Islamic jurisprudence, philosophy, and Islamic history. its main aim was the social, economic, and political Renaissance of the Muslims. Role in politics initially it develops close ties with the sultan of turkey later it divides into two groups.  The first group was led by Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi and Maulana Shbir Ahmad usmani. It worked to counter the influence of Congress. It later formed jamiat I'm a Pakistan and supports the two nation theory. The other group was led by Maulana Hussain Ahmad and Mufti kifiyat Allah. this worked with Congress and opposed the idea of partition of the subcontinent. Donband vs Aligarh  These two-movement divided in their ideologies Aligarh had a friendly relationship with the Britishers and sup

 A trilateral safety agreement between Australia, Uk, and US.it was declared openly on 15 September 2021 for the Indo pacific region. under the agreement the us and UK held Australia in obtaining a Necular submarine.it also includes cyber capabilities, artificial intelligence, technology, and undersea capability.

 Chaudhary Muhammad Ali was sincere and experienced politician who gave his sincere efforts in constitution making process. He present draft of the first constitution on Pakistan in second constitution assembly in February 29, 1956. Then it was presented to Iskandar mirza who ratified it on March 2, 1956. Thus the first constitution of Pakistan come into being after nine year of nation independence. Finally the constitution was implemented on March 23, 1956. 1956 constitution features Written constitution  It was the written document, which consists of 234 article, 3 parts and 6 schedules. Objective resolution was added in the constitution as its part. Which declared that all power belongs to God.  Semi rigid constitution  It was semi rigid constitution which mean that it was so difficult to make amendment to it, only 1/3 majority of the assembly could make it. Federal government  It was consisted of president, prime minister,, national assembly federal cabinet,  supreme court, chief o

 Introduction  Education makes a people easy to lead but difficult to drive, easy to govern, but impossible to enslaved (Emerson). Education is the right of everyone respective of caste, creed and gender. Pakistan achieve only 60 percent of literacy rate in 7o years. The major bundles of Pakistan education system is defective examination system, limited resources, shortage of teacher etc. Problem of pakistan education system Defective examination system Pakistan education system is consider defective because it test memory and ability to memorize rather than test of mental abilities of the students. Limited resources  for education  Unfortunately, very little investment has been given to education system in the country. Little sum of money are allocated for education in budget.  Shortage of teachers  In the country widespread complain of shortage of teachers in education institution. It is very important to increase the number of teachers and educator in education institutions. Moreove

 Book review: Pakistan the way forward by Afnan Ullah khan Afnanuallah khan is one of those bright educated young Pakistanis, who after having successfully completed their studies abroad and excelled in his work, had decided to return to Pakistan the land of his birth. He has demonstrated his faith in the future by not just returning home but he has also been applying his mind to Pakistan's problems, challenges, and future. This book is a collection of his ideas and views on various facets of Pakistan. This book title is the way forward which insists us to look beyond the dilemmas of our country. The writer has deeply researched the core issues that impact Pakistan's future from where they stand at present, to that which could set Pakistan on the course to progress and realize its true potential. In this book, Arthur outlines a brilliant plan for Pakistan that can put Pakistan on the path of prosperity and stability. First of all, he elaborate Pakistan's past and present-da

 Introduction The most important mauryan empire and certainly one of the greatest was Ashoka.at first he was like other conquer the state of kalinga, he saw 100,000soldiers laying dead and other 150000people made prisoners.this upset him so much that he decided he would never go to war again and that his empire would be ruled by peace.he become a Buddhist and ruled for the benefits of all the people. Ashoka,s reforms  He abolished cast system. There were hospitals for people and animals. There were rest homes for old people. The killings of wild animals was forbidden. Punishment were made less severe. The hospital was staffed by monks who grew herbs for medicine. All religions were treated alike. Conclusion  After the death of ashoka there were various weak mauryan Emperors, then the great empire collapsed.

United Nations was established in 1945. When the League of Nations failed in the achievement of peace in the world. This organization is acknowledged that to be successful in its mission, it required the assistance of the world’s influential nations. The stability of this organization comes from its near-universal membership.  Members of UN Today 192 countries are members of the United Nations.  Structure of the United Nation • The general assembly • The security council • The secretariat • The economic and social council • The international court of justice Countries that are not members of the UN There are only six countries that do not belong; four are tiny island states in the pacific. Which are too small, and two for the political motives. These two are Taiwan, which the united nation considers part of China, and the Vatican City, which belongs to the Roman Catholic Church which is above such earthly things. Even Switzerland, which for many countries has always remained

 The invasion of the subcontinent in about 300BCE from east. the dominant kingdom of the Mauryan emperors was founded in what is now the modern state of Bihar. the Mauryan overthrew all of northern india, Pakistan, and Afghanistan and eventually took the whole of the subcontinent except the southern tip. Their tremendous empire was run by very strict laws. there were police everywhere to make sure the laws were fulfilled. the states acquired all the elephants and horses, and people had to pay to use them. but though it seemed harsh, life for most people Improved as many schools and colleges were opened, new roads were constructed and people could live and travel safely.

Buddhism is one of the main religions in the world. In the 21 century, it is found in South East Asia China, and Japan. It was founded by Siddhartha Gautama in 563BCE.  He was the prince from northern India. At the at his age was 29 he left his home and started seeing poor, I'll,  dying people. After that he wondered why human beings had to suffer .he wandered across his kingdom, giving up all worldly goods. at last, he found that people suffer because of ignorance and greed. He found fourfold truth in his journey and rest of his life he preached it. Causes of suffering. Life is suffering Suffering is caused by greed and ignorance. People must follow the eightfold path. After that Gautama was called the Buddha, which means 'the enlightened one'. Buddha's  eight fold path to end suffering.  Right thought Right action  Right belief  Right mean of livelihood  Right efforts  Right remembrance  Right meditation  Believes of Buddhism Buddhist believe in the recycling of rebir

 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was a great visionary leader and Muslim reformer of the 19th century. the like of who is rare. He struggles for the intellectual development of Muslim people through education. He was the first Indian leader who donate to the institutional foundation of Muslim modernization in South Asia. Education work  The supreme interest of Sir Syed was an education in its widest sense. for this motive, he delivered the blow services.  he inaugurated the school in Ghazipur in 1863. He established a school also in Muradabad in 1856. He established the scientific society in Aligarh. He went to England in 1869 and stay there for two years, there he observe the education system of England, and in return, he established M.O.A high school. for modern and eastern education. After two years M.O.A was upgraded to college in 1877. In 1920 it become a university. Moreover, he circulated translations of many educational texts and issued a bilingual journal in Urdu and English. He circulate

 Why our society has the tradition to criticize women, where even she is not the reason of what's happening.  Today I am going to discuss about an incident which has recently occurred in Gilgit Baltistan district Ghizer, gahkuch city park where some girls went to tour on eid day ;to enjoy their eid at park. Then unexpectedly two boys started following them and started irritating the girls.they tried to avoid but nothing happened.The boys   didn't tolerate girls enjoyment at park, then those girls had taken help from some individuals who were at the park, after that the person asked the other boys, why they are annoying the girls then those boys started quarreling with them. Afterwards police came there and arrested them. the incident goes viral, people told each other about the happening and some of youth group also raised their voice against them. However, after knowing the whole Story people are still blaming the girls saying that why they went there without  a male family me

 National Awami party A political party of Pakistan (AWP) National Awami party was the most oldest and progressive party of Pakistan. in 1957 it was established in dakha by Khan hameed Khan bashani and Yar hameed khan.it was divide into two parts, one in east and one in West pakistan.it play very important role to seperate bangaladesh from pakistan.its one wing is lead by Mujid in West pakistan.In bangaladesh its name was bangaladesh Awami party. This party lost its supremecy after the death of bashani.it was opposed butto and very popular in NWFP and Bolochistan. In East pakistan it was lead by wali khan. Menifesto   Defence of soverigthy  Defense of integrity independence of foreign policy End external and internal explolition from Pakistan Abolish one unite  Vote casting Role in Democracy In 1962 established national democratic front to added different parties .it's main aim is to protect fundemental rights of the people social justice and Parliamentry system. In 1965 it was

 Review of the book “How to Win Friends and Influence People” by Dale Carnegie. This book was published in 9137 in an edition of only five thousand copies. The author of this book is Dale Carnegie and publishers are Simon and Schuster. Dale used to say that it was easier to make million dollars than to put a phrase into the English language. Some interesting points from the book There are too many fascinating points which directly or indirectly appeal the readers mind to read this book by and by. So, some of them are discussed below. Talk in terms of other people’s interests: It is the natural phenomenon that human beings love to listen and talk about themselves. If you want to keep them happy and get their attention toward you, start discussing those things which are of their interest. Disclose those things which they like to listen and they love to doing, then you will be surprised at how much they like you. Though to win others heart and influence them is them is not an easy task. I

Tarek Istekal  Political Party of Pakistan Air Marshall Khan was the first native Commander in chief and then in 1968 become president of pakistan Airline.He established political party tarek istekal in 1970.during this period zulfikar Ali button ruled in pakistan.trek istaklal was the socund most popular party of pakistan.he himself did not support butto and said that we judge butto from here how he restore law and order in the country.Morepver,he  mobilise people to support government elalier but later he joined pakistan national alliances against Butto. In 2012 tarek istekal merged in PTI. Tarek istekal role in Democracy   Accountability of butto Air Marshalls Khan participating in 1977 election with butto .he force to postpone election because he want to accountable butto work. Role in Pakistan national alliance intially tarek istekal support Pakistan national alliance but later their relation relation were not good so that's why he resign from this coup. Struggle against Marti

 National democratic party  National democratic party was established by Nawabzada nasiruallah, who belongs to Punjab. He was very famous person serve as a president of Awami league. In 1993 selected in national assembly and become a chair person of the committee.he was died in 27, 2003 in khanghat.His party emerged with a new name Pakistan tahreek Pakistan. Manifesto  Supremacy of democracy  Social equality  voting rights  Religious secularism  Role in democracy NDP joined Pakistan national alliance coup but said that he would support this coup if Muslim league excluded from this coup, it was against Muslim league never followed rules and regulation.when NDP joined Pakistan national alliance jamat Islamic also joined it.  Causes of failure of NDP Lack of skilled -Leadership  Uneducated member Lack of unity

 Types of local government There are two types of local government. Local Government Administration of local areas operate  by appointed bureaucracy. Local self-government  Administration of local areas run by  elective representatives.

The Dominant Problem of the Power sector of Pakistan  Outdated faulty In Pakistan power is not being generated as per the production capacity of the installed power plant. much of the electricity is being wasted due to outdated faulty and old transmission line Hydroelectricity Hydroelectricity is dependent on water which increases and decreases due to the shortage of water in dams .in Pakistan most of the emphasis is put on hydroelectricity as a consequence it is generating far insufficient hydropower than its capacity due to severe water shortage. High-cost electricity Pakistan produces most of the electricity from furnace oil which is too much costly, so it has to confront a bunch of challenges. -use increase but not output Population in Pakistan increases day by day but its production of electricity has not increased that why Pakistan facing severe challenges Pakistan buys electricity from IPP, S Pakistan purchases electricity from the independent power plant which is more expensiv

Constitutional crises in Pakistan  The constitution is a set of basic laws and frameworks for the administration and training of political power and legal authority.it distributes power equally in the country.  The constitution has priority over common regulations and cannot be shifted like common laws. The Government Act (1935) was revised and promulgated in Pakistan. The elected members in the 1946 elections made the first Constituent Assembly that faced terrible situations.  Major Issues  The major issue that the constitution assembly faced is discussed below. Federalism  Representation S separate or Joint Electorate  National Language controversy Parliamentary/ Presidential foam of government  Pakistan would be Islamic or secular Federalism Federalism is meant to adjust such kind of diversity strengthening the unity of the state. Pakistan also faced the issue of federalism after its inception. the major issue with Pakistan was that it comprised of two wings; East Pakistan and West

Six points of Mujeeb-ur-Rehman  First pronounced on February 12,  1966, the six points are as below:   The Constitution should contribute  for a Federation of Pakistan in the  true sense based on the  Lahore Resolution and for a  parliamentary form of government  based on the supremacy of a  directly elected legislature on the  basis of universal adult franchise.  The Federal Government shall  deal with only two subjects;  Defense and Foreign Affairs. All  residuary subjects will be granted in  the federating states.  There should be either two  separate, freely exchangeable  currencies for the two Wings, or one  currency with two separate reserve  banks to avoid inter-Wing flight of  capital.  4 The authority of taxation and  revenue collection shall be granted in  the federating units. The Federal  The government will obtain a share to  meet its financial responsibilities.   End Economic dissimilarities between the two Wings through a  series of economic, fiscal, and formal  reforms.

What is Local government Local self-government is an effective method of administrating local areas. It is encouraged in modern times because it is more closed to common people. Moreover, it benefits a marginalized segment of society by encouraging their participation in the decision-making process at the local level. Functions of responsible local government. Responsible Local Governance is not just about providing a range of local services, but also about achieving true participation. It encourages civic dialogue and supports sustainable local development.  It promotes outcomes that enrich the quality of life of the people. Whether or not the enacted systems are capable of achieving these notions of good local governance is yet to be seen . Features of Local Government Local finance  One of the main duty of local government is to unite its finance, to cover the cost of the services which it has to deliver to local people. however, the finance is obtained is from two sources; local te