18 Amendment, Major Changes That Brought it, Criticism, measure to make workable it

 18 Amendment

18 amendment in the constitution of 1973 has great significance because it has gave all the powers to prime minister and left presidents like a  toothless Tiger.in 18 atrial 2018 two third majority of national assembly voted it favor of it, President Asif Ali safari signed it in 19 April 2010.

Major changes that brought to Constitution through 18 amendments.

• It returns power to parliamentarians by removing article 58(2b).
• Most amendment legacy of 18 amendments is the recruitment of national finance commission award.
• Agreement to rename NWFP as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa settled on the old desire of people living in that province.
• It also encompassed various human rights articles in the Constitution.
• Appointment of the mechanism judges in a supreme court, high court, and Shariat court is changed.
• It added a clause in the constitution which says "An act of high treason should not be verified by any court including supreme Court and the high court"
• The appointment mechanism of members of the election commission is changed.
• It limed the strength of members in the cabinet to 11%   of the total number of Parliamentarians.
• Amendment also gives the control of minerals to provinces.
• Province has been authorized to raise additional revenue through sales Tex on revenue, capital gain Tex on properties, and income Tex on agribusiness.
• Province has been given enhanced say in formulating and regulations strategies related to electricity, water, and sports-related.
• Province was given enormous access to domestic and foreign borrowing.
• About 17 ministries devolved to provinces through 18 amendments by eliminating concurrent lists.

Criticism on 18amendment 

1. Transfer large part of fiscal space to provinces limits the financial space for the federal government.
2. Critics argue that the province cannot manage its responsibilities.
3. Political parties which are greater champions of power are not willing to devolve dower to the local level.
4. Several federal departments do not go down to provinces rather expenses of the federal government increase.
5. A different approach taken by provinces over the issue of lockdown is one of the features of negative implications of 18amendment.
6. 18 amendment has given the facility to prime ministers to hold power more than two times, which also increases the chances of increasing of corruption. e.g nawaz sharks held power two times, in result corruption also increased in Pakistan, which proved in Panama papers.

Measure to make 18 amendment workable

•  Practically devolve ministries and resources to the provincial level.
• Strict implementation of the Tex-related law by the federal government to generate more revenue.
•  Taking productive and preventive measures to reduce unnecessary expenditure by the federal government.
• Cooperation and coordination approach by provinces with the federal government on the issue of national importance.