Muslim in Indian nation congress

 Introduction

Background

Session of Indian national congress

1st session (1885)

2nd session (1886)

3rd session

Objectives of Indian congress and Muslims 6

Sir Syed Ahmad khan and Muslim nationalism

Sir Sayed two nation theory and Muslim

Indian national congress

Sir Syed and Indian national congress demands

 Demands for representation

 Competitive examinations

 Official language

Sir sayed Muhammadan defense Alliance(1893)

Partition of Bengal

• Muslim reaction

• Hindus reaction

Conclusion

Introduction 

India national congress party formed by British civil servant Allan Octavian Hume in 1885.in initial day the party was not found to demand independence from British ruler it was establish to enroll educated Indian people and want to use it as a safety valve against struggle of freedom Lord Dufferin was the Viceroy of British India when party was formed. one of the major reason behind to the establishment Indian national congress is illbert bill which was introduce in 1883 during the viceoyship of the marquees of ripon which was written by sir Courtenay peregrine ilbert (the law member of the viceroy’s council).

According to this bill Indian judges could try Europeans when this bill was moved in the imperial legislative council over which the European raised so much hue and cry that the bill had to be withdrawn this is in favor of Indian which was conceal law making council and introduce new bill because of this bitter controversy deepened antagonism between the British and Indians. To remove this controversy British give permission to Indian to establish Indian national congress.

 The first conference of representatives was convened on December 25, 1885, by the Union of Pune (Maharashtra) but the meeting was later decided to be held in Bombay congress. 

 

Background 

After the War of Independence 1857 the British government had realized that their policy to rule by force was no longer beneficial in India. Thus, they tried to win the support of the Indian people. Several promises were made by the government that the Indians will, from now onward, also be a part of political affairs in their country and that they will no longer be treated citizens of Indian. 

During these circumstances Hume established political party for that purpose he met with senior English bureaucrats and with their guidance, along with local Indian contribution a political party was formed in 1885. It was called the all Indian congress main aim of Britisher behind this is to rule in Indian sub- continent. 

In fact, Hume wants to establish a social platform more than a political one  where the Indian could openly discuss and deliberate upon the problems of their social and community welfare and developments.  The INC in its initial days supported the Britisher Raj it was a pro Britisher part it was not only conceived and Brought up by a Britisher it also received support and blessing form several other  Britisher.. Muslims was also part of Indian national congress but when Hume invited sir sayed ahmed khan, Nawab abdul latif (secretary, mohammedan literary society) sayyid ameer ali (president, central national mohammedan associations) to attend the inaugural sessions of the congress all these Muslim leaders refused to attend and rightly so, because they thought that their participation in the session would be repugnant to the interests of the Muslims. 

Only two Muslims leader joined the first session of Indian national congress but later participation of Muslim are increase in the aim of Hindu Muslims unity. During this time Hindu and Muslims in Indian joined together as a Indians to fight the Britisher.

 The Britisher became concerned about this rise in Indian nationalism and therefore tried to stir up communalistic feelings among Hindus and Muslims. In initials days of congress its support both Hindu and Muslims but later Britisher create communalistic feelings between Hindu and Muslim and so that why this organization became a Hindu body.

Session of Indian national congress

Indian national congress held many sessions in sub- continent and also support both Hindus and Muslims. Sub-continent people also support congress because at that time this is only a one organization in which discusses the social and economical problems of those people.

 Here are discussing the important session of Indian national congress and also its importance.

1st session (1885)

Indian national congress was formed in 1885 and conducts its first session 25-31 December by the Union of Pune (Maharashtra) but the meeting was later decided to be held in Bombay congress at Gokaldas Sanskrit College. Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee was the first President of the Indian National Congress. 72 delegates join this session that 58 were Hindu and two were Muslims. 

Hume the father of congress invited three Muslim leader but they refuse to attend this session because they thought that their participation in the session would b repugnant to the interests of Muslims. In this inaugural session K.T Telang on behalf of the congress moved a resolution stressing the absolute necessity of expansion of the imperial legislative and provincial council. The congress also demands that the members of the legislative council should be elected by the people. Secondly it also put forward a demand that the civil services examination should be simultaneously held in England and India.

2nd session (1886)

In 1885 congress held its second session in Calcutta Dadabhai Nairobi was its president. During this period lord duffein in as governor genera of India invited congress delegates total in the government house in this session total delegates of congress 607 out of this 76 delegates are Muslims in which 52 form madaras and the reming 20 represented all the other provinces this tiny group of Muslims which was projected to reflects Muslims representations prompted sir Sayed Ahmad khan remark that these delegates were not elected even by ten Muslims therefore they could not to represent.

3rd session

Badruddinn tyabji was first Muslim president of congress in the third session. Tyabji was instrumental in building the national scope of the Congress by working to gain support from both Hindus and Muslims and during his time as President of the Indian National Congress between 1887–88, he focused on uniting the Muslim community.

 To promote social interaction among the city's Muslim Tyabji was introduced Resolution No. XIII at the 1888 Allahabad Congress stating stated "That no subject shall be passed for discussion by the Subject Committee, or allowed to be discussed at any Congress...to the introduction of which the Hindu or Mahomedan Delegates as a body object provided that this rule shall refer only to subjects in regard to which the Congress has not already definitely pronounced an opinion.

Session (1890)

Pherpzeshah Mehta was the president of Indian national congress Calcutta sesson in sessin in 1890. He as a leading lawyer in the Bombay presidency and was knighted by the British Government. He encouraged Indians to obtain western education and embrace its culture to uplift India. He contributed to many social causes for education, sanitation and health care in the city and around India. 677 delegates join this session out of this 116 was Muslims 82 form N.W.P and 29 from B

Objectives of Indian congress and Muslims

In 1885 congress was set up Introduction 

India national congress party formed by British civil servant Allan Octavian Hume in 1885.in initial day the party was not found to demand independence from British ruler it was establish to enroll educated Indian people and want to use it as a safety valve against struggle of freedom Lord Dufferin was the Viceroy of British India when party was formed. one of the major reason behind to the establishment Indian national congress is illbert bill which was introduce in 1883 during the viceoyship of the marquees of ripon which was written by sir Courtenay peregrine ilbert (the law member of the viceroy’s council).

According to this bill Indian judges could try Europeans when this bill was moved in the imperial legislative council over which the European raised so much hue and cry that the bill had to be withdrawn this is in favor of Indian which was conceal law making council and introduce new bill because of this bitter controversy deepened antagonism between the British and Indians. To remove this controversy British give permission to Indian to establish Indian national congress.

 The first conference of representatives was convened on December 25, 1885, by the Union of Pune (Maharashtra) but the meeting was later decided to be held in Bombay congress. 

 

Background 

After the War of Independence 1857 the British government had realized that their policy to rule by force was no longer beneficial in India. Thus, they tried to win the support of the Indian people. Several promises were made by the government that the Indians will, from now onward, also be a part of political affairs in their country and that they will no longer be treated citizens of Indian. 

During these circumstances Hume established political party for that purpose he met with senior English bureaucrats and with their guidance, along with local Indian contribution a political party was formed in 1885. It was called the all Indian congress main aim of Britisher behind this is to rule in Indian sub- continent. 

In fact, Hume wants to establish a social platform more than a political one  where the Indian could openly discuss and deliberate upon the problems of their social and community welfare and developments.  The INC in its initial days supported the Britisher Raj it was a pro Britisher part it was not only conceived and Brought up by a Britisher it also received support and blessing form several other  Britisher.. Muslims was also part of Indian national congress but when Hume invited sir sayed ahmed khan, Nawab abdul latif (secretary, mohammedan literary society) sayyid ameer ali (president, central national mohammedan associations) to attend the inaugural sessions of the congress all these Muslim leaders refused to attend and rightly so, because they thought that their participation in the session would be repugnant to the interests of the Muslims. 

Only two Muslims leader joined the first session of Indian national congress but later participation of Muslim are increase in the aim of Hindu Muslims unity. During this time Hindu and Muslims in Indian joined together as a Indians to fight the Britisher.

 The Britisher became concerned about this rise in Indian nationalism and therefore tried to stir up communalistic feelings among Hindus and Muslims. In initials days of congress its support both Hindu and Muslims but later Britisher create communalistic feelings between Hindu and Muslim and so that why this organization became a Hindu body.

Session of Indian national congress

Indian national congress held many sessions in sub- continent and also support both Hindus and Muslims. Sub-continent people also support congress because at that time this is only a one organization in which discusses the social and economical problems of those people.

 Here are discussing the important session of Indian national congress and also its importance.

1st session (1885)

Indian national congress was formed in 1885 and conducts its first session 25-31 December by the Union of Pune (Maharashtra) but the meeting was later decided to be held in Bombay congress at Gokaldas Sanskrit College. Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee was the first President of the Indian National Congress. 72 delegates join this session that 58 were Hindu and two were Muslims. 

Hume the father of congress invited three Muslim leader but they refuse to attend this session because they thought that their participation in the session would b repugnant to the interests of Muslims. In this inaugural session K.T Telang on behalf of the congress moved a resolution stressing the absolute necessity of expansion of the imperial legislative and provincial council. The congress also demands that the members of the legislative council should be elected by the people. Secondly it also put forward a demand that the civil services examination should be simultaneously held in England and India.

2nd session (1886)

In 1885 congress held its second session in Calcutta Dadabhai Nairobi was its president. During this period lord duffein in as governor genera of India invited congress delegates total in the government house in this session total delegates of congress 607 out of this 76 delegates are Muslims in which 52 form madaras and the reming 20 represented all the other provinces this tiny group of Muslims which was projected to reflects Muslims representations prompted sir Sayed Ahmad khan remark that these delegates were not elected even by ten Muslims therefore they could not to represent.

3rd session

Badruddinn tyabji was first Muslim president of congress in the third session. Tyabji was instrumental in building the national scope of the Congress by working to gain support from both Hindus and Muslims and during his time as President of the Indian National Congress between 1887–88, he focused on uniting the Muslim community.

 To promote social interaction among the city's Muslim Tyabji was introduced Resolution No. XIII at the 1888 Allahabad Congress stating stated "That no subject shall be passed for discussion by the Subject Committee, or allowed to be discussed at any Congress...to the introduction of which the Hindu or Mahomedan Delegates as a body object provided that this rule shall refer only to subjects in regard to which the Congress has not already definitely pronounced an opinion.

Session (1890)

Pherpzeshah Mehta was the president of Indian national congress Calcutta sesson in sessin in 1890. He as a leading lawyer in the Bombay presidency and was knighted by the British Government. He encouraged Indians to obtain western education and embrace its culture to uplift India. He contributed to many social causes for education, sanitation and health care in the city and around India. 677 delegates join this session out of this 116 was Muslims 82 form N.W.P and 29 from B

Objectives of Indian congress and Muslims

In 1885 congress was set up and it claimed to be the body of every Indian regardless of religion. However it later proved to be functioning only for the Hindus and tried to eradicate the Muslims. These demands of congress proved that this organization was only promoting Hindus interest.

• Political representation according the population. 

• Appointment in government should be competitive examinations.

• The next official language should be Hindi replacing urdu.

• Eradicate the concepts of race, creed and provincial prejudices and try to form national unity.

Sir Syed Ahmad khan and Muslim nationalism

Sir sayed Ahmed khan was a teacher and politician. He was a philosopher as well. According to sir sayed Ahmad Muslims has to bring a positive approach to the British and accept their ways of education. He wanted the Muslims to benefit from the British.

Sir Sayed two nation theory and Muslim

Sir Sayed also increased the political awareness of Muslims in the Sub-continent. Sir sayed Ahmed khan was father of Pakistan movement first believed in Hindu-Muslim unity but after Urdu Hindi controversy of 1867 had brought a change in his political thinking because in which Hindus openly demonstrated against Urdu language and instead wanted Hindi to become the official language. In response to this had enveloped his Two-Nation Theory in which he clarified that Muslims and Hindus were two separate nations who could never live together.

Indian national congress

 In 1885 the Indian national congress was set up and it claimed to be the body of every Indian regardless of religion. However it later proved to be functioning only for the Hindus and tried to eradicate the Muslims. After congress demands Sir Sayed soon came to know that it was to work only for Hindu interests.

Sir Syed and Indian national congress demands

Here are we discuss the demands of congress and views of sir sayed Ahmed khan 

 Demands for representation

Congress demand political representation according the population. This obviously meant Hindu domination as they were a dominant majority in India and Sir Syed opposed it.

 Competitive examinations

Appointment in government should be by competitive examinations. Sir Syed opposed this because he knew that the educational standards of the Hindus was much better than the Muslims.

 Official language

 The next official language should be Hindi replacing Urdu. Urdu had a special place in the Muslim hearts and Sir Syed opposed this. This demand was accepted by the British.

Sir sayed Muhammadan defense Alliance(1893) 

When sir sayed knows that congress is only promoting Hindus interest than Sir Sayed openly demanded for separate seats for Muslims in local elections so they had the right to speak out. He restrained Muslims from joining the Congress instead he organized an alternative body called the United Patriotic Alliance which in 1893 became the Mohammedan Defense Alliance. Aim of this conference is to finding the factor of Muslims educational backwardness. This responsibility given to some people those people research and discover some factors which were poverty, Religious reasons, carelessness and indifference  this research work continued very successfully for three years and through this way they wants to promote Muslims interest

Partition of Bengal 

In 1905 the partitions of Bengal was done by Lord Curzon. According to him there reason was administrative problems. But the real reason behind this is to create conflicts between Hindus and Muslims

• Muslim reaction

Partition transfer powers to middle-class people in East Bengal so that’s why Muslims welcomed the partition. On October 22 1905, Muslims held a meeting at Dhaka to express their approval of the partition.

• Hindus reaction

On the other hand Hindu was not happy for partition their reaction toward partition in a hostile and violent manner because they believed that they would come under the domination of the Muslim majority in the new province 

Conclusion

In short we say that Britisher established Indian national congress to enroll educated Indian people and say that through this way they involve Indian people in politics. This organization will solve problems of Indian people and also promote their interest but later congress only support Hindus interest and it’s become a Hindu body to promote only Hindus interest.

 On the other hand Muslims leaders did not refuse to in its first session because they thought that their participation would be repugnant to the interests of the Muslims. Sir sayed Ahmed khan who was the great Muslim leader did not involved himself in congress and also critics on Indian national congress 

 it claimed to be the body of every Indian regardless of religion. However it later proved to be functioning only for the Hindus and tried to eradicate the Muslims. These demands of congress proved that this organization was only promoting Hindus interest.

• Political representation according the population. 

• Appointment in government should be competitive examinations.

• The next official language should be Hindi replacing urdu.

• Eradicate the concepts of race, creed and provincial prejudices and try to form national unity.

Sir Syed Ahmad khan and Muslim nationalism

Sir sayed Ahmed khan was a teacher and politician. He was a philosopher as well. According to sir sayed Ahmad Muslims has to bring a positive approach to the British and accept their ways of education. He wanted the Muslims to benefit from the British.

Sir Sayed two nation theory and Muslim

Sir Sayed also increased the political awareness of Muslims in the Sub-continent. Sir sayed Ahmed khan was father of Pakistan movement first believed in Hindu-Muslim unity but after Urdu Hindi controversy of 1867 had brought a change in his political thinking because in which Hindus openly demonstrated against Urdu language and instead wanted Hindi to become the official language. In response to this had enveloped his Two-Nation Theory in which he clarified that Muslims and Hindus were two separate nations who could never live together.

Indian national congress

 In 1885 the Indian national congress was set up and it claimed to be the body of every Indian regardless of religion. However it later proved to be functioning only for the Hindus and tried to eradicate the Muslims. After congress demands Sir Sayed soon came to know that it was to work only for Hindu interests.

Sir Syed and Indian national congress demands

Here are we discuss the demands of congress and views of sir sayed Ahmed khan 

 Demands for representation

Congress demand political representation according the population. This obviously meant Hindu domination as they were a dominant majority in India and Sir Syed opposed it.

 Competitive examinations

Appointment in government should be by competitive examinations. Sir Syed opposed this because he knew that the educational standards of the Hindus was much better than the Muslims.

 Official language

 The next official language should be Hindi replacing Urdu. Urdu had a special place in the Muslim hearts and Sir Syed opposed this. This demand was accepted by the British.

Sir sayed Muhammadan defense Alliance(1893) 

When sir sayed knows that congress is only promoting Hindus interest than Sir Sayed openly demanded for separate seats for Muslims in local elections so they had the right to speak out. He restrained Muslims from joining the Congress instead he organized an alternative body called the United Patriotic Alliance which in 1893 became the Mohammedan Defense Alliance. Aim of this conference is to finding the factor of Muslims educational backwardness. This responsibility given to some people those people research and discover some factors which were poverty, Religious reasons, carelessness and indifference  this research work continued very successfully for three years and through this way they wants to promote Muslims interest

Partition of Bengal 

In 1905 the partitions of Bengal was done by Lord Curzon. According to him there reason was administrative problems. But the real reason behind this is to create conflicts between Hindus and Muslims

• Muslim reaction

Partition transfer powers to middle-class people in East Bengal so that’s why Muslims welcomed the partition. On October 22 1905, Muslims held a meeting at Dhaka to express their approval of the partition.

• Hindus reaction

On the other hand Hindu was not happy for partition their reaction toward partition in a hostile and violent manner because they believed that they would come under the domination of the Muslim majority in the new province 

Conclusion

In short we say that Britisher established Indian national congress to enroll educated Indian people and say that through this way they involve Indian people in politics. This organization will solve problems of Indian people and also promote their interest but later congress only support Hindus interest and it’s become a Hindu body to promote only Hindus interest.

 On the other hand Muslims leaders did not refuse to in its first session because they thought that their participation would be repugnant to the interests of the Muslims. Sir sayed Ahmed khan who was the great Muslim leader did not involved himself in congress and also critics on Indian national congress.